St Thomas Aquinas Five Ways Philosophy Essay

St Thomas Aquinas Five Ways Philosophy Essay St. Thomas Aquinas is most famous for his Five Ways. He regarded that the ontological argument as invalid. We cannot prove that God exists, merely by considering the word God, as the ontological argument in effect supposes. For that strategy work, we would have to presume to know Gods essence. The proposition of God exists is not self-evident to us mere mortals. Although people can prove Gods existence in several ways, we cannot do it just by examining the concept of God. We have to consider what it is about nature that makes it manifest that it requires God as its original cause. According to Aquinas, the existence of God can be proved are in fact five, and it is his most famous Five Ways The first way to prove that God exists is to consider the fact that natural things are in motion. According to Aquinas, a first mover must exist. If first mover do not exists, there would be no other mover and nothing would be in motion. It means all the natural things are in motion, and it needs another moving thing to move it. As we look around the world and survey move things, it becomes clear that they do not put themselves into motion. But all things are all in motion, and they cannot move by their own, therefore, a first mover must exist and it is not moved by other, and that thing is God. The most important idea Aquinas wants to say is that things do not put themselves into motion, do not suppose that he thought that people cannot get up out of their chair and walk across the room. He means that things do not just bring themselves into existence, there must be someone put themselves into motion. The second way of proving Gods existence is kind of similar to the first one. Aquinas says in the world of sensible things, nothing causes itself. It means everything is causes by something else. It has to be a first cause, if there have no first cause exist, there would be no first effect. In fact, there would be no second or third effect either. If first causes must exist, then we must admit that is God. Aquinas did not say anything in either of the first two proofs about things being moved or caused by earlier motion or causes. The various motions and causes he is talking about are simultaneous. In Aquinass opinion, there is no philosophical reason that the chain of causes could not go back infinitely. But there cannot be an infinite series of simultaneous causes or movers. His argument is that things must be causes by something earlier, and because this chain of causes cannot go back infinitely, therefore, it must have a first cause, and it is God. The Big Bang theory is a good example to proof Aquinass theory. The Big Bang is accepted by most scientists that the universe is an explosion. The Big Bang is the beginning of space and time of matter and energy, and it is the beginning of our expanding universe. But the universe does have an absolute beginning, which was a first physical event. It is difficult to believe that the first physical event has no explanation, for that amounts to saying that the entire universe is just a chance occurrence. If the physical event is explicable, then it would seem that the explanation must refer to some sort of nonphysical phenomenon, which is God. The third way is the most complicated of the Five Ways, God is the necessary of our being existence. Aquinas says everything can lay our hands on belongs to need-not-exist category, if everything belongs to this category, then at one time nothing existed, and then it would have been impossible for anything to have begun to exist, and thus even now nothing would exist. There must exist something the existence of which is necessary. Aquinas believed that he had not yet ruled out the possibility that the necessity of this necessary being might be caused by another necessary being, whose necessity might be caused by another. He asserted that it is impossible to go on to infinity in necessary things which have their necessity caused by another. Therefore, he concludes that there must be some necessary being that has its own necessity, and that is God. Aquinass first three proofs of Gods existence are versions of what today is called the cosmological argument. The cosmological argument is actually not one argument but a type of argument. This type of argument means that the existence of contingent things, things that could possibly not have existed, points to the existence of a noncontingent or necessary being, God, as their ultimate cause or source of being. Aquinass fourth way to prove God is the gradation to be found in things. It has to consider the fact that all natural things possess degrees of goodness, truth, nobility, and all other perfections. The gradation in things in the sense that something can be more good. Therefore, there must be that which is the source of these perfections, namely, pure goodness and truth, and this is what we call God. The fourth proof about the existence of goodness or good things is called the moral argument. This argument is supporting the existence of God, it argues that God is the best and is the only explanation for morality. God is the best moral for everything; God must exist to support that moral order exists. The last way to proof of Gods existence is predicated on the observation that natural things act for an end or purpose. That is, they function in accordance with a plan or design. Accordingly, an intelligent being exists by which things are directed toward their end, and this intelligent being is God. Arguments like Aquinass fifth proof, according to which the apparent purposefulness or orderliness of the universe or its parts or structure points to the existence of a divine designer, are called teleological arguments. The teleological argument suggests that, given this premise, the existence of a designer can be assumed, typically presented as God. According to Aquinas, some theological truths, truths of revelation, are such that philosophy could never discover them. For example, philosophy cannot establish that the universe had a beginning and is not eternal. And not everything discovered by philosophy is important for salvation. But philosophy and theology, although separate disciplines, are not incompatible, they complement each other. From standpoint of theology, that God exists is a given, a truth that people start out knowing. Thus, Aquinass proofs of Gods existence are philosophical proofs. They do not depend for their soundness on any religious principles.

Critique on Distinctive Features

Andrew Ike B. Waga ENG 106 Dec. 14, 2011 2010-53632 Trubetzkoy, Jakobson or Chomsky, Whose Distinctive Features are truly â€Å"Distinct†? â€Å"Teacher, teacher, Help me, I have just been side swiped by a car! † These were the exact words that came out from the mouth of the school’s resident hooligan, Kevin, one afternoon after class.During those times, our school has been intensively campaigning for every student to speak English at least while on campus, in preparation for the coming PAASCU (Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges) visit, we were so prepped up that we were even speaking in English outside school â€Å"just in case the Assessors are just loitering around, observing† our teachers would say.So one afternoon, after finding not much to do, Kevin, decided he wanted to show his antics to us, saying that he is planning to pull off a prank on our school’s English Coordinator, and our class adviser as well, we had a carefu lly laid out plan, he would be rushing from the street towards our school gate while we convince our teacher to approach the gate as well, and then he shouted, the exact words on quotation, except that he pronounced swiped as /s? ?pd/. Our teacher, knowing Kevin’s reputation, was already sensing that she was a bait to a good laugh, calmly yet in an authoritarian manner said, â€Å"side swipe! s? aIp/ Next time, Kevin, try pronouncing the words well, so as not to lose your momentum, there’s always a next time! † with her signature smirk. I remembered this incident while reading about Natural classes, I am very sure that my teacher knew what Kevin meant, since all of us thought that Kevin’s pronunciation of that word was correct as far as we were concerned, until the jokes went back to Kevin. Growing up in a city that speaks Cebuano, it is inevitable for some English words to get that â€Å"bisaya† flavour, like the occasional /p/ becomes an /f/ or t he letter h is pronounced as /? ? / and many more, but nevertheless, besides deviating from what we know as a â€Å"standard† for American English, we pretty much understood each other despite the glitches. And so I thought, why was it necessary to dwell on the distinctive features of sounds when the main importance has been served, comprehension. But then, I had to understand that it is necessary so that I would know just how these sounds are related to be viewed as almost interchangeable, just how â€Å"similar† was similar? Hence, we go to the distinctive features of sounds.In dealing with Distinctive features, I focused first on the work of Trubetzkoy, most people would start with Jakobson before Trubetzkoy but I saw that it was Trubetzkoy who first saw Phonetics and Phonology as separate disciplines. He mentioned that form (contrast, system patterning) must be studied separately from substance (acoustics, articulation). Hence, there was a greater concentration on sounds first before they are seen as words. It was Trubetzkoy who introduced the idea of â€Å"oppositions† in Phonology which he mentioned in his primary work, GrundzUge der phonologie  (1939).Oppositions would refer to a pair or set of sounds sharing the same feature that is not shared with any other sounds. Here are some of Trubetzkoy’s Oppositions: a) Bilateral oppositions A bilateral opposition refers to a pair sounds that share a set of features which no other sound shares fully. For example, voiceless labial obstruents =  /p,f/. Note that obstruents are defined as having a degree of stricture greater than that of approximants (that is, stops and fricatives). b) Multilateral oppositions A group of more than 2 sounds which share common features.For example, labial obstruents,/p,b,f,v/, are both labial and obstruents, so they share two features. c) Privative (Binary) Oppositions One member of a pair of sounds possesses a mark, or feature, which the other lacks. Such features are also known as  binary  features which a sound either possesses or lacks. Voicing is such a feature. A sound is voiced or NOT voiced. The sound which possesses that feature is said to be  marked  (eg  [+voice]) whilst the sound lacking the feature is  unmarked  (eg. [-voice]). d) Gradual Oppositions The members of a class of sounds possess different degrees or gradations of a feature or property.For example, the three short front unrounded vowels in English  /? ,  e,  ? /  which are distinguished only by their height. In this system height would be a single feature with two or more degrees of height. As of present times, when Chomsky and Halle’s set of Distinctive features are accessible to us, this would seem very broad and general, hence, not really dwelling into more specific details. But this jumpstarted the notion that sounds share similar qualities and it is crucial for the development of his friend, Jakobson’s own Distinct ive Feature Theory.Jakobson is known as the first one to formalize the Distinctive Feature Theory. He followed the findings of Trubetzkoy as one of his basis for building up his set of distinctive features. Jakobson’s original formulation of the Distinctive Feature Theory aside from Trubetzkoy was based on the ff. Ideas: (1) All features are BINARY. Sounds are either [+voice] or [-voice] (2) A small set of features is able to differentiate between the phonemes of any single language. (3) Distinctive features may be defined in terms of articulatory or acoustic features.Here is a table showing Jakobson’s Distinctive Features: Though, the advantage of Jakobson’s set is that it also has an acoustic description, I do think that the articulatory description is sufficient enough, since after articulating the sound we hear the sound we produced ourselves and yet not at all times would people share the same acoustic descriptions to their produced sound, because we all ha ve our own ways of pronouncing sounds, hence, I think that the acoustic description should be left for the speaker to describe and not defined by Jakobson’s description.Jakobson’s idea was a good starting point for Chomsky and Halle’s own set of distinctive features. With Jakobson’s Distinctive features serving as a terminus a quo for Chomsky and Halle, they were able to refine Jakobson’s set of features. A great achievement done by this duo is that they were able to establish the idea of â€Å"Natural Classes†. The aim is to carefully choose distinctive features to form a natural class of phonemes. An advantage of this approach is seen in writing Phonological rules hence, we get to understand why we can still comprehend to some words though they are mispronounced.Another is that if we are to choose the features well, it should be possible to refer to natural classes of phonemes with a smaller number of features, therefore allowing a more re fined set of characteristics to describe the phonemes involved in a natural class. Chomsky and Halle also introduced the feature classifications such as the major class features, the manner features and the place features thus paving the way for a more organized description in giving characteristics of phonemes.Chomsky and Halle was able to answer the concerns of redundancy when giving features, which is found in Generative Phonology, a component of generative grammar that assigns the correct phonetic representations to  utterances  in such a way as to reflect a native speaker’s internalized grammar. Given the current situation, I would have to choose Chomsky and Halle’s Theory of Distinctive Features as the most functional, because it is able to give more specific descriptions as compared to Trubetzkoy and Jakobson.Since we have established that Chomsky and Halle’s set gives the most detailed, comprehensive and most organized distinctive features, it would be best to follow their findings. But It is also important to note that without the ideas of Trubetzkoy and Jakobson in the Distinctive Feature theory, Chomsky and Halle’s own theory would not be as it is today, not able to answer loopholes and deficiencies found in the previous studies. So for me, it is like a ladder, one has to go through the intial steps first before reaching your destination, because as what my teacher would have said, â€Å"so as not to lose your momentum. † Bibliography

Vodafone AirTouch’s bid for Mannesmann

First of all, one has to mention that it is always difficult to evaluate a company. There is no single measure/calculation who can give you the valuation of a company. The value of a company can be different for every single human being. For instance, Vodafone Air Touch will try to calculate a very low valuation of the company because it wants to pay as less as possible, and Mannesmann a very high valuation, because it wants to get as much money as possible. As a result, it often depends on the interest of the different persons who evaluate a company. In October 1999, Mannesmann offered shares around 157. â‚ ¬. This was before the acquisition of Orange PLC, a competitor of Vodafone Air Touch in the UK market. After the acquisition, Vodafone offered 266â‚ ¬ per share, 68% more than the 157. 8â‚ ¬ per share Mannesmann offered few weeks before. Despite, this very high premium, Mannesmann’s CEO evaluated his company 350â‚ ¬ per share. Here in this case, I think that the main reason for this high price differences is that with time, Mannesmann’s bargaining position changed. In the beginning, their position was not as strong as in the end when they achieved to acquire Orange Plc, a telecommunication company in the U. K. which was growing faster than Vodafone. As a result, Mannesmann became a stronger competitor for Vodafone and Mannesmann’s CEO knew that. As a consequence, he increased the valuation of his company. The reason why for instance an analyst from Julius Baar valuated Mannesmann between 250â‚ ¬ and 350â‚ ¬ per share and many other analysts between 174â‚ ¬ and 250â‚ ¬ per share may have some reasons. The main reason is that, as anticipated before, it is very difficult to evaluate a company. Furthermore, it is even more difficult to evaluate how many synergies Vodafone Air Touch would benefit from this takeover. So it is very difficult to evaluate how much this Mannesmann takeover could be worth for Vodafone Air Touch. Moreover, one has to check which analysts own stocks of Mannesmann or Vodafone because this may also influence the different evaluations. (2) In your opinion, in general, when a company is the target of a hostile takeover bid, who should decide whether the terms and conditions of this bid are acceptable? The Chief Executive Officer (or the equivalent) of the target company? Or its Chairperson (if another person than the CEO)? Its board of directors? Its shareholders ? If the shareholders, how practically should they make their decision? In my opinion, only the shareholders should take this type of decision. They are the one who own the company, and they should decide if they accept the takeover bid or not. If 50 % + X agree with the bid price, then the takeover should take place. Of course, before taking the decision, they should listen to the opinion of the CEO, the Chairperson, some analysts, as well as the Board of Directors. However, in my opinion, none of these key persons should take part of the decision making process. In my opinion, the shareholders are the one who own the company, and they should decide what should happen with their investment. For instance, let us assume the employees would take part of decision making process. Then, in most of the cases, the employees would vote against a take over, because they fear about their jobs. They would never take a neutral decision, but a decision which is the best for them, not caring about the fact that the shareholders loose a high premium. They, as well as the trade unions, would vote against an takeover because they fear for the jobs. However, they never think about the fact, that if the company is not taken over, the company who made a mid remains a competitor. And this competitor could increase its market share in spite of the smaller company that did not accept the takeover. And in this case, the employees of the smaller company would even risk to loose more jobs. The CEO and the the Chairperson should never take this type of decisions. Because, they are only in charge of the operations of the company, but they do not own the company. As a result, they should not decide about the matter. 3) In the case of the Vodafone AirTouch bid for Mannesmann, who should have made the decision ? (Please take into account the fact that Mannesmann had two boards, the supervisory board, and the management board) What do you think of the sentence in the fourth paragraph of page 5 of the case: â€Å"Esser rejected the offer on the grounds that it was inadequate† ? As stated before the shareholders should have taken this de cision. They own the company and if 50 % + X is in favour of Vodadone AirTouch’s bid, then the company should accept the bid. Let’s assume that you invested 50 000 â‚ ¬ in Mannesmann’s shares and now somebody is offering you 80 000 â‚ ¬ for the shares. Then you should decide if you accept this money, or if you think that your shares are much worthier in some months/years. In that case you vote against the hostile takeover. I think that this system makes the decision making also very rapid and efficient. In fact, if one would also ask the employees, some analysts and so on, then the decision making process would be much longer. As a result, I think that the shareholders should take the decision, after having listened to the different opinions of the CEO, employees, analysts,.. However, I think it inacceptable that Esser as the CEO of the company, who does not own many shares, rejects the offer in the name of all the investors. This cannot be tolerated. In fact, he is like an employee of Meeresmann, he does not own the company, and he should take the best decisions for his shareholders who in some way gave him this job as CEO. As a result, I think that he cannot take the decision to refuse a bid without having spoken with any shareholder of the company. This is not a personal decision, but a decision which influences all the stakeholders of the company. It is unacceptable that he takes the decision on behalf of all the share- and stakeholders. (4) If you had been a shareholder of Mannesmann on December 17, 1999, what would you have liked to say to Klaus Esser ? What would you have like to say to Chris Gent ? If you had had the opportunity to vote to accept or not Vodafone's bid, how would you have voted (please ignore the subsequent events not described in the case) ? As a shareholder of Mannesmann, I would liked to ask him why he refused an offer of 266â‚ ¬ per share, which is a premium of 72. 2 % compared to Mannesmann’s closing price on October 18th. I would blame him for not having asked the shareholder what they thought about the offer. He took a decision about something which did not own him, but where I owned a fraction. Finally, I would ask him if he could guarantee me that the share price of Meeresmann would be as high as the Vodafone AirTouch’s offer in the future. Only if this is the case, the Esser would be partly excused. I mention only partly, because even if he thinks that the share price of Meeresmann will be higher in the near future, then he should have explained that to the shareholders. And then, if the majority of the shareholders would agree, then he could refuse the offer. As a shareholder of Mannesmann, I would ask him what would be the strategy of Vodafone AirTouch after the acquisition of Meeresmann. This is important to me, because I will have to make an important decision if the hostile takeover is agreed: either I keep the Vodafone shares or I sell all the shares the day of the take over. In that way, I would gild the premium. I would definitely have accepted the deal. During that time, it was quite sure that a consolidation of the telecommunication market would happen. As a result, I think that it would have been very difficult for Meeresmann, as one of the smaller companies, to survive in that market environment. Furthermore, the offered premium was so high, that I could not deny this offer.

Postpartum Depression Prevention And Screening - 1159 Words

Postpartum Depression: Prevention and Screening Postpartum depression (PPD) affects at least 10-20% of new mothers. However, the true incidence may be much higher due to the fact that screening is not considered to be a standard practice, leaving PPD undetected and untreated in many women (Schaar Hall, 2014). Postpartum depression not only negatively affects the mother; it also has a negative impact on the infant. For this reason, it is important for the health care providers caring for pregnant and postpartum mothers to screen them for risk factors associated with PPD, as well as educate them on ways to lessen their chances of getting PPD. It is also important for the health care providers to screen for PPD with a standardized tool like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and to take action in treating it when it is suspected or diagnosed. The presence of risk factors does not guarantee that a woman will experience PPD, but it may indicate that the health care provide r should pay a little more attention to possible signs and symptoms of depression. Known risk factors include depression or other mental illness prior to, and during, pregnancy, a family history of depression or other mental health disorders, a history of substance abuse, the age of the mother, financial concerns, lack of a support system, and being a single parent (Camp, 2013). In the presence of risk factors it is important for the health care provider to educate the woman on ways toShow MoreRelatedThroughout The Course Of A Pregnancy, Women Are Constantly1262 Words   |  6 Pagesand depression are both seen at high rates in pregnant women during the pregnancy as well as postpartum (Paul, Downs, Schaefer, Beiler, Weisman, 2013). It is possible that the mothers’ emotional state during pregnancy can cause negative health outcomes after the birth for both the mother and child. Research Summary Researchers wanted to study the topic of postpartum anxiety since it is not typically screened unlike postpartum depression. The idea that anxiety is not screened in postpartum mothersRead MoreIdentifying Women At Risk For Postpartum Depression1384 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough postpartum depression after the delivery of their newborn. In its most severe form, the mother may experience suicidal thoughts or the inability to provide care for their newborn baby. In Dennis, Janssen, and Stinger (2004) article, â€Å"Identifying Women at Risk for Postpartum Depression in the Immediate Postpartum Period,† they were able to develop a predictive model to be utilized as a screening tool to determine women who were more susceptible. 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The clients that would participate in this intervention would beRead MorePostpartum Depression And Its Effects On Women1163 Words   |  5 PagesPostpartum Depression According to two recent studies, 7-13% of all postpartum women suffer from depression. Even more alarming, the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) in mothers who have pre-term infants rises to 30-40% according to a recent review (Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Stewart DE., 2004; Schmied V, Johnson M, Naidoo N, et al., 2013). Mood and anxiety disorders, specifically PPD, are severe, yet common complications in women of reproductive age. Undertreated depression inRead MoreEvaluation Of A Client With A Potential For Ppd889 Words   |  4 Pagesthat PPD is definitely treatable, especially when caught early. Two well-known assessments can be used when evaluating a client with a potential for PPD; these two tests are the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS). The EPDS is used as a screening assessment tool, not a diagnostic tool; It is used to pull out women who may need follow-up care. This assessment should be com pleted preferably twice, but at least once. The best time is 6 toRead MoreThe Uk System Is That Of Health Visitors1665 Words   |  7 Pagesprovides new mothers and their families with additional support starting in the postpartum period and lasting through the child’s first five years of life (Department of Health, 2011). Health visitors are usually qualified nurses or midwives who underwent specialized training are to work in the community and family health field. They are also skilled at detecting mental health problems in pregnancy and the postpartum period and are able to conduct non-directive counseling and cognitive group workRead MoreDepressed Parents : A Child s Bad Behavior1631 Words   |  7 Pagesbecomes considerably more difficult for parents suffering from some form of postpartum depression, parents who suffer from this are almost definitely going to negatively impact their child’s psychological growth in some way. According to the National Research Co uncil, â€Å"Depression in parents has been consistently associated with a number of behavior problems and psychopathology in children, including higher rates of depression, earlier age of onset, longer duration, greater functional impairment, higherRead MoreMaternal Mental Health Case Study801 Words   |  4 Pagesout of 10 women during pregnancy and within the first year after birth (Maternal Health, 2016). Current law in California states no requirement for perinatal or postpartum screening. AB 244 proposes to create a pilot program to increase the healthcare providers capacity and training to manage MMH conditions to serve pregnant and postpartum women up to one year after delivery (California Legislative Information, 2017). The purpose of this paper is to increase management of MMH disorders, support of

The Problem Of Mental Illness - 1605 Words

Eight years old was the age when Elyn Saks experienced the first symptoms of an illness that would later threaten to tear apart her entire future. To complicate the situation, she was not dealing with an entirely physical illness. Although she did not know at the time, Saks was suffering from the beginnings of the notorious mental illness called Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is widely known for the way in which it inhibits a person’s sense of reality, causing hallucinations and delusions among those who suffer from it. This disease is often the first idea that comes to mind when anyone says the phrase â€Å"mental illness.† The world society still fears and romanticizes the concept of much mental illness, illness that often devastates lives. Media portrayal of the topic has caused many to regard it as a taboo subject, but this issue is one that needs to be addressed. I became interested in the topic of mental illness when I was in the eighth grade, due to struggles that I began to notice within myself. Now, three years later, I have been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder and major depression. There are misconceptions surrounding and engulfing mental disorders and I felt that it was important that I fight not only for my own benefit but for others battling these illnesses as well. The views in modern day of mental illness are varying from accepting to a complete denial of a problem. It hurts those suffering from mental illness when the uneducated public majority beatsShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Mental Illness858 Words   |  4 Pages Forget all the stereotypes of mental illness. It has no face. It has no particular victim. Mental illness can affect an individual from any background and the black community is no exception. 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Client Attorney Privilege The Code Of Silence - 940 Words

Client attorney privilege is describes the code of silence that is a legally recognized right of the client to tell his attorney anything and the attorney will can not disclose this privileged communication. However, in some cases it s sad that you as the attorney have to refer to the code of silence in order not to be disbarred. I know I would want to give that mother of the five years boy some closure and stop the argany with the hopes that her five year old is still alive. I also understand the reasoning behind not disclosing information about the child s remains.. According Banks, 2013, because the boy is already dead and could not be help, however on the other hand if the lawyer had discovered the boy alive and wounded but still alive , the lawyer would have to say something to prevent any further harm to the child. Then this rule wouldn t have apply. 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Leadership in Business Extraordinary Creativity and Leadership

Question: Discuss about theLeadership in BusinessforExtraordinary Creativity and Leadership. Answer: Introduction: Steve Jobs Steve Jobs was the most renowned person with extraordinary creativity and leadership qualities. He had a great vision about the future, and he knew that what future should look like. He was a famous innovator, who reshaped the whole industry with his innovative ideas, intellectual mind and immense will-power. Such personality of Steve Jobs, changed the face of the industry and gave to his customers, more than what they desired and what they could not even think of. He was also a motivational leader, who motivated his team and co-workers to excel in their work and capabilities. Blessed with extraordinary communication skills, he took away the heart of millions of customers, who trusted in his innovation (Blanchard, and Hersey, 2008). Some of the main qualities of a leader are communication skills, motivation, vision and innovative. He was an iconic leader, who gave birth to Mackintosh computers and became the founder of Apple and Pixar. He had the quality of leading thousands of people with his words and innovation skills. People trusted in his vision of turning the computer industry completely upside down. He believed in simplicity is a great tool to achieve success, as it is not just being minimalist but it is about creating amazing. He had the remarkable quality of pushing the people to do impossible things. These qualities have great relation with leadership, and thus Steve Jobs is considered as one of the most iconic leaders of the world (Chen, 2014). He was the person, who proved that if a person is crazy about doing something impossible; they can do. In the year 1997, when Apple was producing just the random computers, including the different versions of Macintosh, he came up with a new idea. The new idea was making a desktop, which could be portable. He dismissed all the other ideas, and asked his team member to create four computers, which stands correct on this idea. His idea saved Apple. He knew that it is more important to decide what is not important, rather than deciding what is important. He had the ability to train his team members according to his vision (Northouse, 2015). He had the ability to focus on the main idea, without thinking that what is going on in the market. He also had the ability to take together his team in every innovation, and promoted people every year. Simplicity in his designs was the biggest attraction that customers loved. His videogames and the designs of computers were based on simplicity. His idea was that every person should easily figure out the things in his designs. For him simplicity was conquering and not just avoiding complexity (Isaacson, 2012). In the design of the iPod also, he tried to cut the clutter, and wanted to get-on everything in just three clicks. Jobs took the responsibility of all the designs and user experiences. He displayed these qualities through performance of ARM microprocessor in the iPhone and by buying an iPhone from the store of Apple. His idea of understanding the needs of the customers was based on the idea of Henry Ford that customers do not know what they want, until it is shown to them. Howard Schultz The leadership qualities of Howard Schultz were based on the inspiration and motivation of his followers. He was the person, who always trusted in his employees, and encouraged them to provide their ideas and feedbacks. For this, he displayed the qualities of an amazing communicator. He uses to make personal calls and emails to his employees for seeking their advice. Schultz was in the list of 50 most influential leaders of the world. He had particular ideas about taking the company and people towards success (Avolio, and Luthans, 2008). He believed in hiring the correct people, as he believed that it is not enough to tell people that what to do, but for taking a company like Starbucks to success, it was important to hire a team of correct people. When he became the CEO of Starbuck, he sent his 10,000managers to the conference, where he himself became the communicator. His aim towards this conference was to inspire, challenge and encourage his managers to achieve the goal of the company. He believed in intuitive leadership skills. He was an inspirational communicator, he was and he is able to communicate his idea correctly, and his team comes back with great inspiration and energy (Koehn, and Grundy, 2001). He believed in consistency, thus for this customers will find the same taste in the coffee blends in all the 22,000 stores all over the world. He believed in providing the best customer care with consistency in the products. He is the person, who also believes in taking care of his team. People all over the world; admire his quality of taking care of employees by giving perks and also free rides (Stead, and Stead, 2016). He has provided the best healthcare insurance for his employees. These are some of the qualities of Schultz, which makes him an inspirational and motivational employee. One of the major qualities of his leadership is that he believes in encouraging diversity in the work place. He has respect for different cultures. The designs of the stores are made according to the place, where they are situated. He understands that every place has their own practices and preferences. These are the factors, which influence the designs of the Starbucks stores all over the world. Another important personality trait of this great leader is that he believes in partnership. He believes that having the partnership and getting the correct team is very important for building brand awareness (Schultz, 2011). For him employees and customers are the pillars of any organization. Thus, he had made the practice of making the customer feel special. He has complete trust in his employees and takes care of their needs. He believes that employees can also make suggestions, thus he listens to them. His leadership qualities display transformational leadership as well as the qualities of democratic leadership. Thorsten Heins Thorsten Heins was appointed as the CEO of BlackBerry in the year 2012. According to the critics, he made many strategic errors. Also, behind the failure, there was responsibility on the board of directors of BlackBerry. The leadership of the Heins failed because he did not concentrated on focusing on the business market earlier, where the company had niche (Aung, 2013). But, BlackBerry started concentrating on the broader global market like Apple Inc. and Google Inc. He first decided to launch all the touch screen Black Berry Z10 phones rather than launching the new BlackBerry with the physical keyboard, which were still popular. The company failed to respond to the demands of the customers. The company still kept on launching the phones with its trademark Qwerty keyboards. The company came up with the touch screen phones, but these phones were running on the operating system, which was not particularly designed for the touch screens. Though, there are still fans for the keyboards, but it was time to change the strategy (Gillette, Brady, and Winter, 2013). But Heins failed to change the strategy of the company according to the needs of the market. He had very weak vision of the future, for which he failed as the CEO. The only strength of the company was its enterprise market and its ability to stay visible in the financial crisis. Heins, could not do much for the declining the market share in the business of handset. As a leader, Heins could not display much qualities of being a innovator, a motivator or a good communicator. He could not change the strategy of the business, so that they could have increased their business. However, he tried his best to change the condition by launching the BlackBerry 10, which was a new operating system. This operating system was designed for working on various devices. The company also introduced the touch screen devices, which were equipped with the Qwerty keyboards to keep their loyal customers happy (Grobart, 2012). The main problem with Heins, was not that he did something wrong with the product or the operating systems, but it was the timing when these products came to the market. It was already too late to launch these products, as market was filled with the top most handsets of Apple and other companies. However, there is nothing wrong with the company, as it is still able to survive in the market (Youssef, 2013). The problem is with the focus, vision and other leadership qualities of Heins. He was not able to built a strong and innovative team like Schultz, who could help him to achieve the success goals of the company. He was also weak in having a vision and focus like Jobs. He could not see the future of their strategies, and thus he had failed as a leader. A leader requires having great communication skills as well, but Heins could not demonstrate any such skills towards his team. The success of a company is dependent on the perfect leadership. A company fails, if the leadership is weak. Heins could not motivate and encourage his team members and mangers to display their complete capabilities. Bibliography Avolio, B. and Luthans, F., 2008.The high impact leader. McGraw Hill Professional. Aung, S.G.M., 2013. New Light of Myanmar. Blanchard, K. and Hersey, P., 2008. Situational leadership.Leadership Excellence,25(5), p.19. Chen, G., 2014. Discussion on Charismatic Leadership: Cast Study of Steve Jobs.Communications in Information Science and Management Engineering,4(1), p.1. Gillette, F., Brady, D. and Winter, C., 2013. The Rise and Fall of BlackBerry: An Oral History.Bloomberg Business Week. Bloomberg,5. Grobart, S., 2012. IanAusten,The BlackBerry, Trying to Avoid the Hall of Fallen Giants..New York Times,28. Isaacson, W., 2012. The real leadership lessons of Steve Jobs.Harvard business review,90(4), pp.92-102. Koehn, N.F. and Grundy, W., 2001. Howard Schultz and Starbucks Coffee Company (TN). Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Stead, J.G. and Stead, W.E., 2016. Spiritual Capabilities: Keys to Successful Sustainable Strategic Management. InSpirituality and Sustainability(pp. 89-103). Springer International Publishing. Schultz, H., 2011.Onward: How Starbucks fought for its life without losing its soul. Rodale. Youssef, M.H., 2013. Strategic tensions within the smartphones industry: the case of BlackBerry.VISTAS: Education, Economy and Community,3, pp.125-141.